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OBJETIVO: Verificar a incidência de lesão inalatória confirmada por broncoscopia em pacientes com queimaduras faciais e/ou histórico de exposição a fumaça em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para Queimados. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal retrospectivo baseado em coleta de prontuários de pacientes internados entre agosto de 2015 e maio de 2020. Na análise estatística realizou-se a caracterização dos dados categóricos e contínuos, teste exato de Fisher, teste de Shapiro-Wilk e teste de Kruskal-Wallis sendo avaliados no software STATA® 14 com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: 82 pacientes com lesão inalatória foram classificados em grupos de nenhuma lesão/leve, moderada e grave, com incidência de 19,2 casos de lesão inalatória a cada 100 internações na unidade de terapia intensiva de queimados e tempo médio de internação de 35,6 dias; destes, 27 faleceram. Os pacientes com lesão grave ficaram por menor tempo em ventilação mecânica. CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação por broncoscopia no atendimento inicial imediato ou em até 24h da admissão do paciente com queimadura facial pode ser adotada para otimizar o diagnóstico e realizar a classificação da lesão inalatória aprimorando a visualização do prognóstico, o atendimento e tratamento a estes pacientes.
OBJECTIVE: To verify the incidence of inhalation injury confirmed by bronchoscopy in patients with facial burns and/or a history of exposure to smoke in a Burns Intensive Care Unit. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study based on the collection of medical records of patients hospitalized between August 2015 and May 2020. In the statistical analysis the categorical and continuous data were characterized, Fisher's exact test, Shapiro-Wilk test, and Kruskal-Wallis test were evaluated in STATA® 14 software with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: 82 patients with inhalation injury were classified into groups of no/mild, moderate and severe injuries, with an incidence of 19.2 cases of inhalation injury for every 100 admissions in the intensive care unit for burns patients with an average length of stay of 35.6 days; of these 27 died. Patients with severe injuries were on mechanical ventilation for a shorter time. CONCLUSIONS: The bronchoscopy evaluation in the immediate initial care or within 24 hours of admission of patients with facial burns can be adopted to optimize the diagnosis and perform the classification of the inhalation injury improving the visualization of the prognosis, care and treatment of these patients.
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OBJETIVO: Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras da face em um unidade de referência em atendimento em queimaduras. MÉTODO: O trabalho consiste no estudo de dados observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, de uma população de 92 pacientes vítimas de queimaduras na região da face, internados em hospital de referência em atendimento a pacientes vítimas de queimaduras, no período de 2 anos, entre julho de 2015 e junho de 2017. Foram analisados dados como: idade, sexo, agente etiológico, áreas de superfície corporal queimada, profundidade da queimadura, regiões do corpo acometidas pela queimadura, óbito, queimaduras de vias inalatórias, tempo de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva de queimados e tempo de internação hospitalar. Os dados foram tabulados e descritos no texto. RESULTADOS: Dos 92 pacientes atendidos, a maioria (61,95%) foi do sexo masculino, havendo quatro óbitos, dos quais três apresentavam lesão inalatória, com período de maior prevalência no outono. Tempo de internação médio foi de 20,5 dias, sendo o agente mais comum o álcool, atingindo, em média, 13%, a maioria com queimadura profunda. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes vítimas de queimaduras em face são em sua maioria do sexo masculino, com agente etiológico álcool, com média de queimadura profunda de 13%, estando o óbito relacionado com associação de lesão de vias aéreas. Ações de prevenção podem ajudar a diminuir a incidência de acidentes na população observada.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of patients victims of facial burns in a referral unit in care for burns. METHODS: The work consists of the study of observational, descriptive, retrospective data from a population of 92 patients suffering from burns in the face region, admitted to a reference hospital in care of burn victims, in a period of 2 years, between July 2015 and June 2017. Data such as: age, sex, etiological agent, burnt body surface areas, burn depth, body regions affected by the burn, death, inhaled tract burns, length of stay in the therapy unit were analyzed intensive care unit for burns and length of hospital stay. Data were tabulated and described in the text. RESULTS: Of the 92 patients, the majority (61.95%) were male, with four deaths, three of which had inhalation injury, with a period of greatest prevalence in autumn. Average hospital stay was 20.5 days, the most common agent being alcohol, reaching an average of 13%, with the majority with deep burns. CONCLUSION: Patients suffering from facial burns are mostly male, with alcohol as the etiologic agent, with an average deep burn of 13%, and death is related to an association with airway injury. Prevention actions can help to reduce the incidence of accidents in the observed population.
Subject(s)
Health Profile , Burn Units , Burns, Inhalation/epidemiology , Facial Injuries , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore the influence of directed restrictive fluid management strategy (RFMS) on patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury.@*Methods@#Sixteen patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury hospitalized in our department from December 2014 to December 2017, meeting the inclusion criteria and treated with RFMS, were enrolled in directed treatment group. Thirty-four patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury hospitalized in our department from December 2012 to December 2017, meeting the inclusion criteria and without RFMS, were enrolled in routine treatment group. Medical records of patients in 2 groups were retrospectively analyzed. Within post injury day 2, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), extravascular lung water index (ELWI), global end-diastolic volume index, and pulmonary vascular permeability index of patients in directed treatment group were monitored by pulse contour cardiac output monitoring technology, while MAP and CVP of patients in routine treatment group were monitored by routine method. On post injury day 3 to 7, patients in 2 groups were treated with routine fluid supplement therapy of our Department to maintain hemodynamic stability, and patients in directed treatment group were treated according to RFMS directed with goal of ELWI≤7 mL·kg-1·m-2. On post injury day 3 to 7, total fluid intake, total fluid output, and total fluid difference between fluid intake and output within 24 h, value of blood lactic acid, and oxygenation index of patients in 2 groups were recorded. Occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on post injury day 3 to 7 and 8 to 28, mechanical ventilation time within post injury day 28, and occurrence of death of patients in 2 groups were counted. Data were processed with chi-square test, t test, and analysis of variance for repeated measurement.@*Results@#The total fluid intakes within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were close to those in routine treatment group on post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (t=-0.835, -1.618, -2.463, -1.244, -2.552, P>0.05). The total fluid outputs and total fluid differences between fluid intake and output within 24 h of patients in 2 groups on post injury day 3 were close (t=0.931, -2.274, P>0.05). The total fluid outputs within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were significantly higher than those in routine treatment group on post injury day 4, 5, 6, 7 (t=2.645, 2.352, 1.847, 1.152, P<0.05). The total fluid differences between fluid intake and output within 24 h of patients in directed treatment group were (2 928±768), (2 028±1 001), (2 186±815), and (2 071±963) mL, significantly lower than (4 455±960), (3 434±819), (3 233±1 022), and (3 453±829) mL in routine treatment group (t=-4.331, -3.882, -3.211, -4.024, P<0.05). The values of blood lactic acid of patients in directed treatment group and routine treatment group on post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 were close (t=0.847, 1.221, 0.994, 1.873, 1.948, P>0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in directed treatment group on post injury day 3 and 4 were (298±78) and (324±85) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa ), which were close to (270±110) and (291±90) mmHg in routine treatment group (t=-1.574, 2.011, P>0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in directed treatment group on post injury day 5, 6, 7 were (372±88), (369±65), and (377±39) mmHg, significantly higher than (302±103), (313±89), and (336±78) mmHg in routine treatment group (t=3.657, 3.223, 2.441, P<0.05). On post injury day 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, patients with ARDS in directed treatment group were less than those in routine treatment group, but with no significantly statistical difference between the 2 groups (χ2=0.105, P>0.05). On post injury day 8 to 28, patients with ARDS in directed treatment group were significantly less than those in routine treatment group (χ2=0.827, P<0.05). The mechanical ventilation time within post injury day 28 of patients in directed treatment group was apparently shorter than that in routine treatment group (t=-2.895, P<0.05). Death of patients in directed treatment group within post injury day 28 was less than that in routine treatment group, but with no significantly statistical difference between the 2 groups (χ2=0.002, P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Under the circumstance of hemodynamics stability, RFMS directed with goal of ELWI≤7 mL·kg-1·m-2 on post injury day 3 to 7 is an useful strategy, which can reduce occurrence rate of ADRS and shorten mechanical ventilation time of patients with serious burns complicated by severe inhalation injury at late stage of burns.
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Inhalation injury is caused by inhalation of heat, toxic or irritating gases which lead to respiratory and pulmonary parenchyma damage. At present, the clinical understanding about it is still limited and lack of effective diagnosis and treatment standard. Based on the experience of diagnosis and treatment of domestic inhalation injury, combined with reports of international researches, criteria (expert consensus) for inhalation injury were systematically discussed from pathological and pathophysiological changes, clinical diagnosis and evaluation, and clinical treatment, which provides reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients inflicted with inhalation injury.
Subject(s)
Humans , Burns, Inhalation , Consensus , Lung , Smoke Inhalation Injury , Diagnosis , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the morphological and pathological changes of the larynx after severe laryngeal burn in dogs and their relationship with laryngostenosis.@*Methods@#Eighteen healthy, male beagle dogs were assigned into control group, immediately after injury group, and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after injury groups according to the random number table, with 3 dogs in each group. Dogs of injury group inhaled saturated steam through mouth for 5 seconds to reproduce severe laryngeal burn. Tracheotomy and intubation were performed immediately after injury, and 400 000 U/d penicillin was intravenously infused for 1 week. The feeding, activity, and vocalization of dogs in each group after injury were observed until they were sacrificed. Immediately after injury and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after injury, the laryngeal morphology of the dogs in corresponding time point groups were observed by endoscope. After the observation, the dogs in each injury group were sacrificed, and the laryngeal tissue was taken. The epiglottis, glottis, and cricoid cartilage were collected to make full-thickness tissue slice, respectively, and their pathological changes were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The dogs of control group were not specially treated, and their life activities, laryngeal morphological and pathological changes were observed.@*Results@#(1) The dogs of control group had normal feeding, activities, and vocalization. All the dogs in injury group survived until they were sacrificed, and their feeding, activities, and vocalization were obviously reduced after injury compared with those of control group. The dogs of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after injury groups ate and moved normally 2 weeks after injury but vocalized abnormally in frequency and volume compared with those of control group, which lasted until they were sacrificed. (2) The dog′s laryngeal mucosa in control group was complete and pink, without obvious exudation. The laryngeal mucosa of the dog in immediately after injury group was pale and edematous, with obvious exudation, local ulceration, necrosis, and exfoliation, and dilated microvessels on the surface. The laryngeal mucosa of the dogs in 2 weeks after injury group was pale, edematous, and oozed less than that of immediately after injury group, and the glottis was blocked by an obviously extruding mass. The paleness and edema of laryngeal mucosa were significantly reduced in the dogs of 4 weeks after injury group compared with those of 2 weeks after injury group, without dilated microvessel, and the glottic extruding mass was obviously smaller than that of 2 weeks after injury group. The sizes of glottic mass were similar between the dogs of 6 and 8 weeks after injury groups, which were obviously smaller than that in 4 weeks after injury group. (3) In the dogs of control group, the epithelial cells of epiglottis, glottis, and cricoid cartilage were normal in morphology, the proper glands were visible in the intrinsic layer, and the muscle fibers and the chondrocytes were normal in morphology. In the dogs of immediately after injury group, large sheets of epiglottis epidermis exfoliated, the epithelial cells were swollen and necrotic, the intrinsic glands were atrophic and necrotic, and the chondrocytes were degenerated and necrotic. The epidermis of the glottis partially exfoliated, the epithelial cells were swollen and necrotic, the intrinsic glands were atrophic and necrotic, the muscle fibers were partially atrophic and fractured, and the vacuolar chondrocytes were visible. The cricoid cartilage epidermis was ablated, the epithelial cells were swollen, the intrinsic layer and submucosal layer were slightly edematous, and the morphological structure of glands, chondrocytes, and muscle fibers were normal. In the dogs of 2 weeks after injury group, the epiglottis epidermis was completely restored, a small amount of glands in the intrinsic layer were repaired, and obsolete necrotic chondrocytes and new chondrocytes could be seen. A large number of fibroblasts, new capillaries, and inflammatory cells infiltration were observed in the epidermis of glottis, and intrinsic layer glands were repaired. The cricoid cartilage epidermis was repaired intactly, and there was no edema in the intrinsic layer. In the dogs of 4 weeks after injury group, the epiglottis intrinsic layer glands were further repaired compared with those of 2 weeks after injury group, and new chondrocytes were seen in the submucosa of the glottis. The condition of cricoid cartilage was consistent with that of control group. The dog′s epiglottis, glottis, and cricoid cartilage were similar between the 6 and 8 weeks after injury groups, and no significant change was observed compared with those of 4 weeks after injury group.@*Conclusions@#The morphological changes of larynx after severe laryngeal burn in dogs include mucosa detachment and necrosis, and mass blocking glottis. Pathological changes include epidermis shedding and necrosis, gland atrophy and necrosis, vascular congestion and embolism, chondrocytes degeneration, necrosis and proliferation, even local granulation tissue formation and cartilaginous metaplasia. These results may be the cause of laryngostenosis after laryngeal burn.
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Objective@#To explore mechanism of lung injury of rats induced by inhalation of white smoke from burning smoke pot.@*Methods@#Forty-eight Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control group (n=12) and injury group (n=36) according to the random number table. Rats in injury group were placed in smoke-induced injury experimental equipment fulled with white smoke from burning smoke pot for 5 minutes to make lung injury, and rats in control group were placed in smoke-induced injury experimental equipment fulled with air for 5 minutes to make sham injury. Six rats in injury group at post injury hour (PIH) 6, 24, and 72 and six rats in control group at PIH 72 were collected to observe pathological changes of lung tissue and pathological score of rats in the two groups by hematoxylin-eosin staining, to detect expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 mRNA in lung tissue of rats by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction, and to detect content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 in lung tissue of rats by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and t test.@*Results@#At PIH 72, lung tissue structure of rats in control group was clear and complete, with no inflammatory cell infiltration. At PIH 6, there was edema, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue of rats in injury group. At PIH 24, edema, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue of rats in injury group aggravated. At PIH 72, area of edema in lung tissue of rats in injury group was enlarged, with obvious hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration. At PIH 6, 24, and 72, pathological score of lung tissue of rats in injury group was (3.43±0.86), (5.39±0.93), and (9.99±0.84) points, respectively, obviously higher than that of rats in control group at PIH 72 [(2.11±0.20) points, t=3.659, 8.450, 22.355, P<0.05]. As time post injury prolonged, pathological scores of lung tissue of rats in injury group were significantly increased (F=121.244, P<0.01). At PIH 6, 24, and 72, expression of NF-κB p65 mRNA in lung tissue of rats in injury group was 15.5±4.3, 25.9±1.8, 30.9±3.5 respectively, significantly higher than that of rats in control group at PIH 72 (7.8±0.8, t=4.315, 20.445, 14.408, P<0.01). As time post injury prolonged, expression of NF-κB p65 mRNA in lung tissue of rats in injury group gradually increased (F=32.691, P<0.01). At PIH 6, 24, and 72, content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lung tissue of rats in injury group was significantly higher than that of rats in control group at PIH 72, respectively (t=7.650, 8.968, 6.827, 6.726, 8.978, 3.460, 5.420, 13.289, 16.438, P<0.01). At PIH 24, content of TNF-α and IL-1β in lung tissue of rats in injury group was higher than that of rats in the same group at PIH 6 and 72, respectively (t=3.409, -2.549, 4.047, -4.100, P<0.05). At PIH 24 and 72, content of IL-6 in lung tissue of rats in injury group was respectively higher than that of rats in the same group at PIH 6 (t=8.273, 9.711, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#After inhaling white smoke from burning smoke pot, rats are inflicted with lung injury by increasing expression of NF-κB p65 mRNA and content of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and induce pathological changes of edema, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration of lung tissue.
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Objective@#To investigate the effect of recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor 2 (rhKGF-2) on lung tissue of rabbits with severe smoke inhalation injury.@*Methods@#A total of 120 New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups by random number table after being inflicted with severe smoke inhalation injury, with 24 rats in each group. Rabbits in the simple injury group inhaled air, while rabbits in the injury+phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group inhaled 5 mL PBS once daily for 7 d. Rabbits in injury+1 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group, injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group, and injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group received aerosol inhalation of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 (all dissolved in 5 mL PBS) once daily for 7 d, respectively. On treatment day 1, 3, 5, and 7, blood samples were taken from the ear central artery of 6 rabbits in each group. After the blood was taken, the rabbits were sacrificed, and the tracheal carina tissue and lung were collected. Blood pH value, arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial blood carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), and bicarbonate ion were detected by handheld blood analyzer. The expressions of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in lung tissue were detected by Western blotting. Pathomorphology of lung tissue and trachea was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Data were processed with analysis of variance of two-way factorial design and Tukey test.@*Results@#(1) Compared with those in simple injury group, the blood pH values of rabbits in the latter groups on treatment day 1-7 had no obvious change (P>0.05). The PaO2 of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 5 and 7 were (75.0±2.4) and (71.0±4.5) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively, which were significantly higher than (62.0±6.8) and (63.0±3.0) mmHg in simple injury group (q=4.265, 8.202, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The PaO2 of rabbits in injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 7 was (82.0±4.9) mmHg, which was significantly higher than that in simple injury group (q=6.234, P<0.01). Compared with that in simple injury group, the PaCO2 of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 3 was significantly decreased (q=4.876, P<0.01) and significantly increased on treatment day 5 (q=5.562, P<0.01); the PaCO2 of rabbits in injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group was significantly increased on treatment day 5 and 7 (q=5.013, 4.601, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with that in simple injury group, the serum bicarbonate ion of rabbits in injury+1 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 7 was significantly increased (q=5.142, P<0.01); the serum bicarbonate ion of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 5 and 7 were significantly increased (q=4.830, 6.934, P<0.01); the serum bicarbonate ion of rabbits in injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 5 were significantly increased (q=3.973, P<0.05). (2) The expressions of SP-A in lung tissue of rabbits in simple injury group and injury+PBS group in each treatment time point were close (P>0.05). The expressions of SP-A in lung tissue of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group and injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 3 were 0.091±0.007 and 0.101±0.009, respectively, significantly higher than 0.069±0.009 in simple injury group (q=10.800, 13.580, P<0.01). The expressions of SP-A in lung tissue of rabbits in injury+1 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group, injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group, and injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 5 and 7 were 0.127±0.008, 0.132±0.006, 0.194±0.006, 0.152±0.017, 0.166±0.004, 0.240±0.008, significantly higher than 0.092±0.003 and 0.108±0.005 in simple injury group (q=6.789, 12.340, 17.900, 9.875, 31.480, 40.740, P<0.01). (3) On treatment day 1 and 5, there was no significant difference in the expression of VEGF in lung tissue of rabbits among the 5 groups (P>0.05). Compared with those in simple injury group, the expressions of VEGF in lung tissue of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 3 and 7 were significantly increased (q=4.243, 8.000, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the expression of VEGF in lung tissue of rabbits in injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group on treatment day 7 was significantly increased (q=20.720, P<0.01). (4) On treatment day 1, the injury of rabbits in each group was similar, with a large number of neutrophils infiltrated and abscess formed in the alveolar and interstitial tissue, thickened alveolar septum, some collapsed alveolar and atelectasis; large area of tracheal mucosa was degenerated and necrotic, with a large amount of inflammatory exudates blocking in the cavity. On treatment day 3, the inflammation of lung tissue and trachea in each group were improved, but the inflammation in simple injury group and injury+PBS group was also serious. On treatment day 5, the inflammation in lung tissue and trachea of rabbits in injury+2 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group and injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group were improved much obviously than those in the other groups. On treatment day 7, the inflammation in lung tissue of rabbits in injury+5 mg/kg rhKGF-2 group alleviated obviously than those in the other groups, most alveoli had no obvious exudative fluid, the alveolar cavity was intact and clear, the local alveolar dilated like a cyst, and the alveolar septum thinning; the improvement of inflammation of trachea was more obvious than the other groups, the tracheal mucosa tended to be more complete, and few neutrophils were infiltrated in the endotracheal cavity.@*Conclusions@#Atomization inhalation of rhKGF-2 can improve the PaO2 level of rabbits with severe smoke inhalation injury, reduce airway inflammation, increase the expression of SP-A and VEGF in lung tissue, thus promoting the repair of lung tissue.
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Objective@#To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in treating patients with inhalation injury by meta analysis.@*Methods@#Databases including PubMed, Cochrance Library, and Embase were searched using key words " inhalation injury, smoke inhalation injury, epidermal growth factor, and EGF" , and Chinese Journals Full-text Database, China Biology Medicine disc, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database were searched using key words in Chinese version "吸入性损伤,表皮生长因子" to obtain the randomized controlled trails about EGF published publicly in the treatment of patients with inhalation injury from the establishment of each database to December 2017. The measurement indexes included content of total protein and albumin, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), the number of total cells, percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, the time of removal of tracheal tube, the amount of respiratory secretions, and the incidence of lung infection. Meta-analysis was conducted by RevMan 5.3 statistical software.@*Results@#A total of 6 trials involving 375 patients were included, with 182 patients in group EGF who received EGF treatment and 173 patients in conventional treatment group who received conventional treatment. All of the 6 trails had unclear risk of bias. The content of total protein and albumin and COP in BALF of patients in group EGF were lower than those in conventional treatment group, with standardized mean differences (SMDs) respectively -9.37, -26.77 , and -8.13 [with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) respectively -14.11--4.63, -41.85--11.69, -9.54--6.73, P<0.001]. The number of total cells and percentages of neutrophils and lymphocytes in BALF of patients in group EGF were lower than those in conventional treatment group, while the percentage of fibroblasts in BALF of patients in group EGF was higher than that in conventional treatment group, with SMDs respectively -20.22, -13.08, -12.28, 2.99 (with 95% CIs respectively -22.27--17.66 , -14.76--11.40, -13.86--10.70, 2.48-3.50, P<0.001). The time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, and the time of removal of tracheal tube of patients in group EGF were shorter than those in conventional treatment group, with SMDs respectively -1.05, -1.22 , -1.11 (with 95% CIs respectively -1.36--0.74, -1.54--0.91, -1.39--0.82, P<0.001). The amount of respiratory secretions of patients in group EGF was lower than that in conventional treatment group, with SMD -1.44 (with 95% CI -1.90--0.98, P<0.001). The incidence rate of pulmonary infection of patients in group EGF was lower than that in conventional treatment group, with relative risk 0.46 (with 95% CI 0.24-0.89, P<0.05). There may be publication bias in the content of total protein, albumin, and COP in BALF (P<0.05), while the time of disappearance of pulmonary symptoms, the time of exfoliation of necrotic mucous membrane, and the time of removal of tracheal tube showed no significant publication bias (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Conventional treatment combined with EGF therapy can reduce respiratory inflammation of inhalation injury, promote restoration of respiratory epithelium, shorten the time of removal of tracheal tube, reduce the incidence of pulmonary infection of patients, and therefore has good effect on inhalation injury.
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Objective@#To summarize the measures and experience in diagnosis and treatment of extremely severe burn patients with severe inhalation injury in dust explosion accident.@*Methods@#The medical records of 13 patients with extremely severe burn complicated with severe inhalation injury in August 2nd Kunshan factory aluminum dust explosion accident who were treated at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (hereinafter referred to as our hospital) on August 2nd, 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients were transferred to our hospital 3-8 hours after injury under the condition of inhalation of pure oxygen. Twelve patients underwent tracheotomy within 5 hours after admission, while 1 patient underwent tracheotomy before admission. All the patients were in ventilator-assisted respiration, with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation combined with positive end expiratory pressure. All the patients underwent thorax or limbs escharotomy on the second day after admission, so as to reduce the restrictive ventilatory dysfunction caused by the contraction of thorax eschar and the terminal circulation disorder caused by the contraction of limbs eschar. All the patients underwent electronic bronchoscopy within 48 hours after admission, airway secretion were cleared and airway lavage were carried out under electronic bronchoscope according to the patients′ condition, and the sputum, lavage solution, pathological tissue were collected for microbiological culture. All the patients underwent chest X-ray examination on the second day after admission and reexamination as required. Patients were all treated with a combination of broad-spectrum antibiotics early after admission to control lung and systemic infection. One patient was treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome 1 week after admission.@*Results@#One patient suffered from cardiopulmonary arrest during tracheotomy, which recovered autonomous respiration and cardiac impulse after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Three patients showed decreased pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) within 48 hours after injury, and the SpO2 returned to normal after sputum aspiration, scab removal and lavage under electronic bronchoscope. During the course of disease, bacteria were cultured from wound exudate of 7 patients, bacteremia occurred in 10 patients, and sputum microbiological culture results of 13 patients were positive. Eight of the 13 patients in this group survived, and 5 died. One patient died 19 days after injury, and 4 patients died 33-46 days after injury. The main cause of death was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome induced by severe septic shock eventually.@*Conclusions@#For this batch of patients with extremely severe burn complicated with severe inhalation injury caused by dust explosion accident, the treatment and cure measures including early definite diagnosis and timely tracheotomy, the application of effective ventilation, the effective treatment of respiratory system complications, and rational use of antibiotics for the control of lung infection obtained quite good curative effect.
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Objective@#To investigate the clinical characteristics of extremely severe burn patients complicated with severe inhalation injury caused by dust explosion.@*Methods@#The medical records of 13 extremely severe burn patients complicated with severe inhalation injury in August 2nd Kunshan factory aluminum dust explosion accident, who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University on August 2nd, 2014, were retrospectively analyzed. The following indicators were collected: (1) Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score at post admission hour (PAH) 24. (2) Prognosis, death time, causes of death, and the mortality of patients with different sexes. (3) The number of times of airway electronic bronchoscopy, airway characteristics, and the corresponding onset time. (4) The number and result of microorganism culture of lesion tissue during the leukoplakia formation stage. Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with and without leukoplakia in airway mucosa. Fisher′s exact probability test was used to detect the mortality of patients with different sexes. Kappa test was used to detect the relevancy between leukoplakia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.@*Results@#(1) The APACHE Ⅱ score of patients of this group at PAH 24 was (19±3) points, and the SOFA score was (12±3) points. (2) Eight patients survived, while 5 patients died, and the time of death was 19-46 (34±10) d after injury. The main cause of death was multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which was secondary to severe infection. One of the 7 male patients and 4 of the 6 female patients died, but there was no significantly statistical difference in mortality between patients of the two sexes (P>0.05). (3) Airway electronic bronchoscopy was performed 4-25 (10±5) times among patients of this group. Hyperemia and edema were found in the airway mucosa of all the 13 patients 2-3 weeks after injury; ulcer was found in the airway mucosa of 5 patients 2-4 weeks after injury; leukoplakia was found in the airway mucosa of 7 patients 4-14 weeks after injury; granulation formed in the airway mucosa of 7 patients 10-15 weeks after injury, and airway patency was affected, which was solved after local clamping or replacement of lengthened tracheal cannula. (4) During the leukoplakia formation stage, 19 cases of microorganism culture were performed basing on airway lesion tissue, and the results were 15 cases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5 cases of Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 cases of Serratia marcescens, as well as 1 case of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, and Proteus mirabilis each. Among 7 patients with airway mucosa leukoplakia, 6 patients were detected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among 6 patients without airway mucosa leukoplakia, 1 patient was detected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The appearance of leukoplakia was consistent with the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Kappa=0.69, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Most of these extremely severe burn patients complicated with severe inhalation injury caused by dust explosion survived, and there was no significant gender difference in mortality. Electronic bronchoscopy showed that the early manifestations of airway mucosa were hyperemia and edema, followed by varying degrees of erosion, ulcer, leukoplakia, and granulation formation, etc. Leukoplakia may be relevant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
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Early airway management and respiratory support are essential for severe inhalation injury. Intratracheal delivery of drugs is better than other methods of administration, because of its higher local drug concentration, faster and more precise effect, and less systemic adverse reactions. It attracts more and more attention at present. In recent years, a growing number of drugs can be used in intratracheal delivery, in addition to common bronchodilators, mucolytics, and glucocorticoids, there are anti-inflammatory agents, antioxidants, and anticoagulants, etc. It is of great significance to improve the prognosis of patients with inhalation injuries with intratracheal delivery of drugs in goal-targeted therapy.
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Objective@#To explore and analyze the effects of airway management team (AMT) in the treatment of severely mass burn patients combined with inhalation injury.@*Methods@#The clinical data of 58 severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury hospitalized in our unit from January 2012 to August 2014, conforming to the inclusion criteria, were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether airway management was implemented by AMT or not, patients hospitalized from January 2012 to July 2014 were divided into control group (n=27), while patients in Kunshan factory aluminum dust explosion accident hospitalized on 2nd August 2014 were divided into observation group (n=31). Patients in control group received regular airway nursing carried out by nurses on duty, while patients in observation group received specialized airway concentration nursing implemented by AMT. The concrete implementation included overall assessment of patients′ airway, elaborate airway care, and controlled management of mechanical ventilation. Arterial blood gas indexes and oxygenation index of patients in the two groups on post injury day (PID) 1, 7, and 14 were compared. Sputum viscosity, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurrence rate, and ventilation time of patients in the two groups in post injury week(s) 1, 2, and 3 after admission were monitored and recorded. Survival rates of patients in the two groups were compared. Data were processed with analysis of variance for repeated measurement, t test and Bonferroni correction, chi-square test, and Wilcoxon rank sum test.@*Results@#(1) There were no statistically significant differences in pH value, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and oxygenation index of patients in the two groups on PID 1 (t=0.595, -0.166, 1.518, -0.828, 0.458, P>0.05). The pH values of patients in observation group on PID 7 and 14 were 7.327±0.050 and 7.367±0.043, respectively, significantly better than those in control group (7.304±0.021 and 7.390±0.029, respectively, t=-2.385, 2.391, P<0.05). The PaO2 values of patients in observation group on PID 7 and 14 were (95.1±6.7) and (106.3±7.8) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), respectively, significantly higher than those in control group [(91.6±5.7) and (102.0±8.3) mmHg, respectively, t=-2.109, -2.059, P<0.05]. The PaCO2 values of patients in observation group on PID 7 and 14 were (41±4) and (40±4) mmHg, respectively, significantly lower than those in control group [(43±5) and (43±4) mmHg, respectively, t=2.220, 2.304, P<0.05]. The SaO2 values of patients in observation group on PID 7 and 14 were 0.95±0.04 and 0.96±0.04, respectively, significantly higher than those in control group (0.93±0.05 and 0.94±0.05, respectively, t=-2.201, -2.016, P<0.05). The oxygenation indexes of patients in observation group on PID 7 and 14 were (286±18) and (329±20) mmHg, significantly higher than those in control group [(277±14) and (306±58) mmHg, respectively, t=-2.263, -2.022, P<0.05]. (2) Sputum viscosity of patients in observation group in post injury week(s) 1, 2, and 3 were superior to that in control group (Z=-2.096, -2.076, -2.033, P<0.05). (3) VAP occurrence rate of patients in observation group was lower than that in control group, and time of mechanical ventilation of patients in observation group was shorter than that in control group (χ2=4.244, t=2.425, P<0.05). (4) Survival rate of patients in observation group was higher than that in control group (χ2=4.244, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The special intensive care of airway management by AMT can effectively improve the oxygenation status of severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury, alleviate the sputum viscosity, reduce the occurrence of VAP, and shorten the time of mechanical ventilation, thus benefits the treatment of severely mass burn patients combined with inhalation injury.
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Objective@#To explore the dynamic variation trend of bronchial wall thickness (BWT) in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury, and to determine the value of BWT to prognosis of patients.@*Methods@#Forty-three severely burned patients with inhalation injury hospitalized in Intensive Burn Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University (Tianjin No.4 Hospital) from July to November 2016, conforming to the study criteria, were divided into survival group (n=27) and death group (n=16) according to the prognosis of patients within 14 days after admission. All patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and inhalation injury rating based on abbreviated injury scale at admission. High resolution CT examination was performed in patients of two groups at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission to measure the BWT of right superior lobar bronchus trunk opening. Receiver operating characteristic curves of rating of inhalation damage at admission and BWT at admission were drawn to evaluate the predictive value for death of 43 patients. Data were processed with chi-square test, independent sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement and least-significant difference-t test.@*Results@#(1) The numbers of patients rated as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 grade for inhalation injury in survival group and death group were 0, 19, 6, 2, and 0, and 0, 2, 7, 7, and 0, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (Z=-3.79, P<0.01). (2) BWT of patients in death group at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was respectively (2.72±0.26), (3.18±0.22), (2.98±0.18), (2.29±0.17), and (1.45±0.21) mm, which was significantly larger than (2.24±0.15), (2.49±0.15), (1.51±0.17), (1.04±0.16), and (1.01±0.13) mm in survival group (t=7.55, 12.14, 27.11, 19.99, 7.11, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group at 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission showed statistically significant difference when compared with that at admission within the corresponding group (t=5.97, 16.63, 28.21, 38.57, 5.34, 3.31, 4.39, 6.48, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that at 24 h post admission within the corresponding group (t=22.27, 34.02, 45.03, 2.77, 10.53, 10.59, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 7 and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 3 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=10.49, 18.26, 9.57, 11.44, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 7 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=6.97, 6.15, P<0.01). (3) The total areas under ROC curves of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission for predicting death of 43 patients were 0.880 and 0.956, respectively (with 95% confidence intervals 0.768-0.991, 0.882-1.000, P<0.05). Grade 1.5 and 2.75 mm were respectively chosen as the optimal threshold values of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission, with sensitivity of 87.50%, 83.33% and specificity of 77.78%, 96.00%, respectively.@*Conclusions@#The BWT of survived and dead patients with severe burn and inhalation injury increases significantly post burn, while the BWT of survived patients restores to normal level faster. BWT can be used to assess the severity of inhalation injury and to predict death in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury.
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Inhalation injury is caused by inhalation of heat, toxic or irritating gases which lead to respiratory and pulmonary parenchyma damage. At present, the clinical understanding about it is still limited and lack of effective diagnosis and treatment standard. Based on the experience of diagnosis and treatment of domestic inhalation injury, combined with reports of international researches, criteria (expert consensus) for inhalation injury were systematically discussed from pathological and pathophysiological changes, clinical diagnosis and evaluation, and clinical treatment, which provides reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients inflicted with inhalation injury.
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Humans , Burns, Inhalation , Consensus , Lung , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Smoke Inhalation Injury , Diagnosis , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
With the rapid development of medical technology,burn treatment level is also rising.However,large area bum injury with inhalation injury treatment has not yet made a breakthrough,and become the main cause of death in burn patients.Severe shock,infection,multiple organs failure and acute respiratory system injury caused by inhalation injury are the main factors threatening the life of patients.The treatment of large area burn combined with inhalation injury has been the focus of bum and clinical research.Domestic and foreign scholars on large area bum associated with inhalation injury treatment for a large number of studies.In recent years,with the deepening of research,some new treatment concepts have been proposed.The advanced treatment progress of large area burn combined with inhalation injury were reviewed.
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Introdução: Este artigo trata-se de um relato do trabalho desenvolvido pela equipe de fisioterapeutas de um hospital de pronto-socorro aos pacientes vítimas de queimaduras decorrente da tragédia na Boate Kiss. Objetivo: Descrever as práticas de assistências fisioterapêuticas prestadas, de forma a permitir compartilhar experiências realizadas com esse perfil de paciente em nível hospitalar. Método: Por meio de discussões durante as reuniões da equipe de fisioterapia, foram coletados dados a respeito das atuações na assistência às vítimas da Boate Kiss que foram internadas no hospital. Resultados: Descrevemos, nesse trabalho, as principais atividades assistenciais da fisioterapia, de forma que tecemos, entre outras considerações, a necessidade de atuação o mais precoce possível como uma estratégia de evitar complicações tardias. Conclusão: Consideramos, também, que a reabilitação de uma lesão por queimadura é um processo longo e que não termina com a alta hospitalar.
Introduction: This article it is about a report by work done by the team of physiotherapists in a emergency hospital to the burn victims due to the tragedy in Nightclub Kiss. Objective: The objective was to describe the practice of physical therapy, in order to allow to share experiences with this profile of patients at the hospital level. Methods: Through discussions during the meetings of the physiotherapy team, data about the actuations in assisting victims of Nightclub Kiss who were hospitalized in the hospital were collected. Results: We hereby describe in this paper the main assistance activities of physiotherapy so that present work we make among other considerations, the need for action as early as possible as a strategy to prevent late complications. Conclusion: We also consider that the rehabilitation of a burn injury is a long process that does not end with discharge.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Lung Injury/physiopathology , Smoke Inhalation Injury/complications , Physical Therapy Department, Hospital/standards , Burn Units , Disaster Victims/rehabilitation , Patient Care Team/standards , Life Change EventsABSTRACT
The early pulmonary consequences of inhalation injury are well documented; however, little is known about delayed pulmonary complications following thermal inhalation injury. Although thermal injury below the vocal cords is rare because of effective heat dissipation in the upper airway, inflammatory endobronchial polyps have previously been reported as a delayed complication associated with inhalation injury. We report an extraordinary case of tracheobronchial polyps in patients with smoke inhalation injury. This report shows the delayed development and natural course of tracheobronchial polyps following thermal injury.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bronchi , Burns, Inhalation , Hot Temperature , Inhalation , Polyps , Smoke Inhalation Injury , Trachea , Vocal CordsABSTRACT
Introdução: A lesão inalatória (LI) é resultado do processo inflamatório das vias aéreas após a inalação de produtos incompletos da combustão, sendo principal responsável pela mortalidade de até 77% dos pacientes queimados. Cerca de 33% dos grandes queimados têm LI e o risco aumenta progressivamente com o aumento da superfície corpórea queimada (SCQ). A presença de LI aumenta em 20% a mortalidade associada à extensão da queimadura. Relato de Caso: Paciente PJFR, 44 anos, admitido com queimadura por chama decorrente de incêndio em ambiente fechado, com SCQ 39%, lesões de 2º grau profundo em face, tórax, abdome, membros superiores, além das vibrissas chamuscadas, suspeita clínica de LI. Realizou broncoscopia com laudo de LI grave. Submetido a intubação orotraqueal precoce e ventilação mecânica, com controle rigoroso dos sinais vitais, balanço hídrico, radiografia de tórax, gasometria arterial e fisioterapia respiratória intensiva. Após 8 dias, realizou-se nova broncoscopia, com melhora no grau da LI, iniciando a progressão no desmame ventilatório. O paciente foi extubado sem intercorrências e mantido em oxigenoterapia, com posterior alta para enfermaria, com suporte de fisioterapia respiratória. Houve retirada gradual do suporte de oxigênio. Alta hospitalar após 23 dias. Conclusão: A conduta precoce e a condução correta do tratamento foi muito importante para a sobrevida desse paciente, visto que esse tipo de lesão tem um alto índice de mortalidade e complexidade. O avanço no tratamento dessa lesão com ênfase no tratamento precoce, mesmo em pacientes sem quadro clínico de insuficiência respiratória, teve impacto na evolução do paciente com LI.
Background: Inhalation injury (LI) is the result of inflammation of the airways after inhalation of products of incomplete combustion, which is primarily responsible for the deaths of up to 77% of burn patients. Around 33% of large burns have LI and the risk increases with increasing body surface area burned (BSA). The presence of LI 20% increase in mortality associated with the extent of burn. Case Report: Patient PJFR, 44 yearsold, burning with the flame due to fire in a closed environment, with 39% BSA, injury 2nd degree deep in the face, chest, abdomen, legs beyond the whiskers singed, clinical suspicion LI. Performed bronchoscopy with report of severe LI. Submitted to early intubation and mechanical ventilation, with strict control of vital signs, fluid balance, chest radiography, arterial blood gases and respiratory therapy unit. After 8 days, held new bronchoscopy, with improvement in the degree of LI, starting a career in the weaning. The same was extubated uneventfully and maintained on oxygen, with subsequent high for ward, with support for respiratory therapy. There was a gradual withdrawal of oxygen support. Discharged after 23 days. Conclusion: The conduct and conduct early correct treatment was very important for the survival of this patient, since this type of injury has a high mortality rate and complexity. The advance in the treatment of this injury with emphasis on early treatment, even in patients without symptoms of respiratory failure, had an impact on the evolution of the patient with LI.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Smoke Inhalation Injury/therapy , Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/instrumentation , Respiration, Artificial , Bronchoscopy/instrumentation , Physical Therapy Modalities/instrumentation , Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentationABSTRACT
Objective To study the emergency treatment,diagnosis and integrative treatment for the patients with severe burn injury combined with inhalation injury.Methods Thirty-five burn victims in a mass casualty were airlifted to our Burns Institute from a remote area on second day post-burn,including 14 patients who had received emergent tracheostomy for inhalation injury.After hospitalization,bronchoscopic examinations were done for further evaluating the inhalation injury,and timely locating and removing of sputum crust and necrotic mucosa from the airway in patients with signs of dyspnea,and helping decide the opportune time of removing the tracheostomy tube.The "artificial nose" and intratracheal instillation and lavage were used for humidifying the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree.The stryker frame,vibrator and expectorant were also used to facilitate expectoration.Epidermis growth factor was topically used for promoting the restoration of the injured endotracheal mucosa.Results The degree of inhalation injury in fourteen patients with tracheostomy was identified through bronchoscopy as moderate(3 cases),severe(8 cases),and very severe(3 cases).The tracheostomy tubes were removed within one week in seven patients(50.0%),and during the second week post-burn in six patients(43%).The removal of tube was delayed in the remaining patients until 42nd day post-burn because of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.Pulmonary infection occurred in two patients on the 10th day post-burn,and pathogens were found in tracheo-bronchial discharge in three patients.Conclusion Emergent tracheostomy should be performed the earlier the better for severe inhalation injury,and bronchoscopy was desirable for distinct diagnosis and treatment,especially for estimating the repair of tracheal mucosa and deciding the time for removal of the tracheostomy tube.Moistening the tracheo-bronchial tree through instillation of fluid with drugs and "artificial nose",and the use of Stryker frame,vibrator and expectorant were effective in facilitating expectoration and preventing lung infection.Topical use of epidermis growth factor may be helpful for the repair of injured tracheal mucosa.
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The changes of cytosolic free calcium in the peripheral neutro-phils after the rabbits were exposed to smoke inhalation were observed and the ptherapeutic effects of tetrandrine-a calcium antagonist?on the level of free calcium and on the injury also studied.It was found that the number of neu-trophils increased significantly in the peripheral blood after a transient drop and it also increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.The level of free calcium in the neutrophils were increased at the same time.Tetrandrine could reduce the number of neutrophils in the lungs,the calcium level in the neutrophils,and the severity of inhalation injury.The findings suggest that there is a close relationship between the activation of neutrophils and the pathophysiological manifestations of smoke inhalation injury,and tetrandrine can exert certain therapeutic effects on smoke inhalation injury through reducing the level of cytosolic free calcium in the neutrophlis to modulate their functions